Moscow

Moscow, the capital of Russia, is one of the world's most historically significant cities, with a history that spans over eight centuries.

Early History and Foundation

  • 12th Century: Moscow was first mentioned in historical records in 1147, during the reign of Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy, who is traditionally credited with founding the city. At that time, it was a small, fortified settlement on the banks of the Moskva River.

  • 13th Century: Moscow began to grow in importance due to its strategic location. However, in 1237–1238, the city was devastated by the Mongol invasion led by Batu Khan. Despite this, Moscow gradually recovered and began to prosper.

Rise of Moscow (14th–15th Century)

  • 14th Century: Under the rule of Ivan I (Ivan Kalita), Moscow gained prominence as the seat of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The city benefited from its favorable relationship with the Golden Horde, the Mongol rulers of Russia, and gradually became the most powerful of the Russian principalities.

  • 15th Century: Ivan III (Ivan the Great) significantly expanded Moscow's territory, eventually freeing it from Mongol rule. He also centralized power, laying the foundations for a unified Russian state. During his reign, the Kremlin was rebuilt using stone, giving Moscow its iconic fortress.

Moscow as the Capital of Russia (16th–17th Century)

  • 16th Century: Under Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), Moscow became the center of the Tsardom of Russia. Ivan IV was the first ruler to be crowned as "Tsar of All Rus," signifying Moscow's role as the capital of the Russian Empire. During this time, St. Basil's Cathedral was built on Red Square, one of Moscow's most recognizable landmarks.

  • 17th Century: The Time of Troubles, a period of political chaos and foreign intervention, saw Moscow occupied by Polish forces. However, the city was eventually liberated, and the Romanov dynasty was established, restoring stability.

Modern Moscow (1991–Present)

  • 1991: The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to significant changes in Moscow. The city became the capital of the newly independent Russian Federation. During the 1990s, Moscow experienced economic difficulties, but it also saw the rise of a new business elite and significant urban development.

  • 21st Century: Today, Moscow is a vibrant global city, known for its rich history, architecture, and cultural institutions. It remains the political, economic, and cultural heart of Russia, with a population of over 12 million people.

Cultural and Architectural Highlights

Moscow is home to numerous historic sites, including the Kremlin, Red Square, the Bolshoi Theatre, and many Orthodox churches and monasteries. Its skyline has evolved dramatically with modern skyscrapers, but the city retains its historical character.

Moscow's history is marked by resilience, transformation, and cultural richness, making it a city of great importance in both Russian and world history.

Year: 2016 | Equipment: Canon EOS REBEL T2i